考研英语翻译之分析难句确定词义

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[编辑] 拆分组合 分析难句

英译汉是考研英语中一个较难的部分,许多考生得分都不太理想。究其原因,主要是难句分析、确定词义与逻辑组合等方面做得不太好。鉴于此,我将从上述三个方面进行总结。首先是难句分析。这一点与阅读部分和完型填空部分是类似的,不过英译汉部分更加集中地考查难句。所以分析难句的能力是做好英译汉部分的一项极其重要的能力。可以按照下列方法拆分一个句子:

1)确定主句和从句,以及主句和从句中的主要成分(主谓宾);

2)划分意群---将意义相对独立的单位,如包含一个动词的部分一一划分开来。经过上述拆分以后,句子大致分成四个部分(也可能少于或多于四个部分),因为一句话的分数是2分,一般分成4个给分点。例如,

72. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994-72)

本句有四个动词:contends, call, was, expanded,可以分为四个部分:

a leader of the new school contends…(说话人)

as we call it…(定语从句,修饰the scientific revolution)

“the scientific revolution…was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments…(直接引语部分,为contends的宾语)

that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions(定语从句,修饰the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments)。

要注意定语从句that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions的翻译。

又如,

72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995-72)

本句的主干是How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon…and on…,其中主语是个主语从句How well…by later performance。本句有三个谓语动词:validated,depends upon,interpreted,所以翻译时本句可以拆分成三部分:

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance…

depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used…

and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

要注意定语从句with which it is interpreted的翻译。

例三,

62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)

本句的主干是Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry,定语从句which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 修饰that branch of intellectual enquiry ,而定语从句that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 又修饰先行词manner。本句有三个动词:is,seeks, use,所以翻译时本句可以拆分成三部分。要注意两个定语从句的翻译。

上面三个例子表明了分析难句的过程与方法。要做到考试时娴熟地拆分难句,必须做一些难句分析练习,至少要把94年以来考过的英译汉句子都分析几遍,并且分类整理,如将各类定语从句、状语从句等分别进行集中分析。过一段时间,难句分析能力必然会大幅提高。

[编辑] 拆分组合 确定词义

在了解拆分句子结构以后,更难的一步---确定词义就到了眼前。这一步主要涉及下列情况:

1)一词多义

常见词一般具有多义性,翻译时要根据搭配和上下文确定意义,如develop除了“发展”的意思外,还有“形成”的意思,intellectual常表示“知识的”的意思,agree常翻译成“认为”。

2)词组或固定搭配

词组或固定搭配,一般有固定的译法,翻译时要注意,不能完全根据字面翻译。

3)看上下句确定词义

有时,尤其是句首出现代词时,需要阅读待翻译部分之前的句子,才能弄清句子的意思。现在以前面的三个例子说明如何确定词义。

例一,

72. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994-72)

本句可以分四个意群确定词义。

第一个意群:in short简言之school学派contend 坚持认为,争辩,讨论

第二个意群:the scientific revolution 科学革命(不要译成“科技革命”)

as we call it 我们所谓的(科学革命)

第三个意群:largely 在很大程度上a series of一系列instruments器具、仪器

第四个意群:expand拓展reach影响范围;区域innumerable无数的,数不清的direction方面

例二,

72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. (1995-72)

本句可以分三个意群确定词义。

第一个意群:How well the predictions will be validated by later performance。

how well字面意思是“多好”,用来形容动词validated的程度,可变通为“在多大程度上”

predictions这些预测(predictions是复数,翻译时前面加“这些”)

validate证实

performance表现

第二个意群:depend on一般译为“取决于”

amount 数量reliability可靠性(增词法)

appropriateness 适宜性,合适性(增词法)

information used 所用的信息(定语前置)

注意:名词+of+名词---后面的名词整个作前面名词的定语。

第三个意群:with which it is interpreted,其中it指代information。with译成“用于”。被动语态可以变成主动语态:The information is interpreted with the skill and wisdom.(也取决于用来解释这些信息(所用的)技巧和智慧”。

例三,

62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)

本句可以分三个意群确定词义。

第一个意群:

social science社会科学 branch分支intellectual enquiry知识探索

第二个意群:seek力图endeavor行为,努力reasoned理性的dispassioned冷静的,客观的in…manner以…方式

第三个意群:natural scientist自然科学家

在英译汉部分,确定词义可以说是最难的。复习时应将自己的翻译与参考译文进行对比,找出汉语表达方面的差距,才能做到考试时胸有成竹。否则,大意似乎翻译出来了,但仔细对照原文,发现意思相差悬殊。前面所说的agree,很多同学只会翻译成“同意”,而不知道根据上下文翻译成“认为”,就是一个教训。

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